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US work force sees big changes, small job growth

Despite weak job growth in the three years since the recession officially ended, unemployment rates for most groups of Americans _ white, black and Hispanic, young and old _ have fallen. But their rates haven’t fallen equally or for the same reasons.
Asian-Americans have enjoyed the sharpest drop in unemployment, followed by Hispanics and whites.
The unemployment rates for Asians and Hispanics fell because more people in each group found jobs. But the rate for whites fell for a different reason: More of them stopped looking for jobs or left the work force for other reasons, such as retirement. People who are out of work aren’t counted as unemployed if they’ve stopped looking for a job.
The unemployment rate for African-Americans fell the least. More blacks got jobs. But unlike other groups, the number of unemployed African-Americans also rose. That suggests that unemployed blacks weren’t as likely as others to give up their job searches and leave the work force. The proportion of African-Americans in the work force fell the least for any group.
Among age groups, Americans ages 55 and older have fared best since the recession ended. Their unemployment rate hasn’t fallen as much as for those ages 25-54. But it’s dropped for a more encouraging reason: More of them are employed. By contrast, the unemployment rate for those ages 25 through 54 has fallen mostly because more of them stopped looking for a job.
Among industries, the one that’s produced the most jobs in the past three years has been temporary help services. Temp jobs have jumped 45 percent. No other industry is even close. Economists generally view more temp hiring as an encouraging sign, because companies usually add temps before they hire permanent workers.
The next-biggest source of job gains is educational services. This category consists of employees at colleges, universities and other private education providers. Such jobs have grown 7.5 percent since June 2009. Public school teachers and administrators are counted among local government employees.
Figures in percentages Unemployment rate in June 2009
Total population 9.5
Asians 8.2
Blacks 14.8
Hispanics 12.2
Whites 8.7
Youths, 16-24 18.1
25-54 8.5
55 and over 7
Less than high school 15.5
High school grads 9.8
Some college 8.1
College grads 4.8
Adult men 9.9
Adult women 7.6
Jobs lost or gained, June 2009 through June 2012
(in thousands)
Industries Number
All industries 2,742
Construction -494
Education 232
Financial services -11
Government -642
Health care 829
Hotels, restaurants 526
Legal, engineering, information technology and other services 477
Management 97
Manufacturing 265
Retail 233
Temporary help 787
Transport, warehousing 149
Publishing, software, telecom -148

Don’t Settle for Student Loans to Pay for Online Education

Online college programs are becoming a more popular choice for prospective students, with one study finding that more than 6 million students enrolled in at least one online course in fall 2015. The popularity of these courses can be attributed in part to their flexibility with working adults' schedules, students' ability to progress more quickly through online programs and, oftentimes, cheaper tuition. [See 10 low-cost online bachelor's programs for out-of-state students.]Online degrees can be beneficial to many college students, but some studies have shown online learners complete their programs at lower rates than students at traditional brick-and-mortar campuses. Individuals with student loans but no degree comprise two-thirds of defaulted borrowers. Though these numbers are not encouraging, just like for traditional programs, there are ways to reduce how much you'll need to borrow for an online program to ensure you won't become one of these statistics. Don't just settle on borrowing student loans to cover the whole cost of your program and living expenses. Instead, start thinking about how to cut costs and cover your balance in different ways, such as the following. -- Grants and scholarships: Even though you are taking an online course, you can still apply and receive grants and scholarships. But your first step should be to complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, commonly referred to as the FAFSA, which will allow you to receive a Pell Grant if your expected family contribution is low enough. The EFC criteria and award amounts are adjusted annually, but the 2017-2018 academic year awards range from $606 to $5,920, which could significantly lower the amount you borrow annually. Your next step is to apply for scholarships. You can start by checking online scholarship search engines, such as the Salt Scholarship Search, College Board's BigFuture and Peterson's. But don't forget to take advantage of local organizations and your school's financial aid office. Both may offer scholarships that you can't find with a national scholarship search. [Review these 10 sites to kick off your scholarship search.]For instance, organizations like the Elks Club, Knights of Columbus or the Rotary Club typically offer scholarships annually to local students. Just because you're going to school online doesn't mean you're ineligible. Visit your local library for scholarship listings, and ask around town. You might be surprised how many local organizations offer scholarships. While these scholarships typically aren't large, every little bit counts. Each dollar you receive in a scholarship is a dollar you don't have to borrow and pay interest on. -- Work-study: Another option for online students may be work-study awards. Not all students enrolled in online programs are eligible, but students at some schools -- including, for example, SUNY Empire State College and Liberty University -- are. Work-study awards are not given upfront like scholarships and grants. In most cases, they are an offer to earn up to the awarded amount if you secure an eligible work-study job. While there is a misconception that all work-study jobs must be on campus, students can work for off-campus, nonprofit or public employers as long as the work is in the public's interest. You may be able to work for a for-profit employer if the job is relevant to your course of study. No matter who the outside employer is, it will need to have an established agreement with your college for you to receive work-study funds. Remember, to be eligible for federal financial aid, you must be enrolled and pursuing a degree or certificate. If you're not working toward a credential, Pell Grants and work-study won't be option, but you may still be able to take advantage of private scholarships -- just be sure to read the eligibility criteria carefully. [Explore what to know about financial aid in online programs.]-- Pay as you go: One of the great benefits to enrolling online is the flexible schedule, which can allow you to complete your college coursework around your responsibilities. But prospective students often overlook using their part- or full-time job earnings as an option for paying for college. Almost 80 percent of college students in 2015 worked at least part time while attending classes, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. By budgeting and thinking strategically about your college costs, you can likely reduce your dependence on student loans by paying a portion out of pocket. Many -- but not all -- online programs are less expensive than traditional programs and often have shorter payment periods. Six, eight or 10 weeks are common course durations. Because of the frequency of payments in an online setting, you may be well-placed to pay as you go and possibly avoid borrowing altogether. Attending college online and avoiding student loans may be challenging, but if you are willing to put in the effort, you can limit the amount you need to borrow. More from U.S. News Q&A: Understanding Student Loan Discharge Eligibility Student Loan Refinancing Isn't Right for All Borrowers
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